Post 12: The Struggles of Muslim Youth

By: Abbey Rourke

What struggles are unique to Muslim youth in Europe? In what forms does Muslim youth identity manifest itself in Europe? What role does discrimination play in the formation of Muslim youth identities?

Muslim youths in Europe face struggles that are specifically unique to them. One struggle they are faced with is the internal debate of intergenerational issues. Intergenerational issues for Muslim youths are a struggle because it implies the different views children have compared to their parents or the older generation surrounding their religion and how to interpret and apply it to their everyday life. Muslim youth are having a hard time living and practicing their religion in the exact way their parents did because Islam is the minority religion and not the majority religion like it was for their parents when they were youth. Muslims are frustrated with their parents because society was different 40 years ago than it is today and that affects how they practice their religion. They feel like they are torn between abandoning their religion or embracing it fully.

One way the Muslim youth identity has manifested itself is through radical adherent. The radical adherent is when Muslim youths are significantly impacted by both the older Muslim generation and the discrimination they feel in Europe. Muslim youths also see a strong embrace in Islam as a form of rebellion against the harsh discriminatory environment they have lived in.  When Muslim youths feel discriminated because of Islam a lot choose to conform to society for the goal of just wanting to fit in. Discrimination can also lead Muslim youths to embrace Islam to the full extent and go to the extreme by becoming a radical out of anger.

Compare and contrast the following patterns of Muslim-European interaction: assimilation, communitarianism, or new modes of integration. What does the reality look like, especially for the youth? Discuss.

Assimilation is when Muslims look to conform to society, which is problematic because, in doing so, they lose their traditions and who they are. They believe their religion should be kept private. Communitarians believe that Muslims should form their own communities. According to Hunter, this can lead to segregation but it is attractive to Muslims because they can practice their religion freely without facing discrimination or harassment. Hunter believes Muslim youths should do a combination of both assimilation and communitarianism. He believes the Muslim youth would benefit by learning how to assimilate, but without losing their Islam values. He also notes Europe needs to be more accepting. Hunter believes this is the best solution for both to be able to coexist together successfully.

What is the diversity myth discussed by Malik? How does assimilation differ from multiculturalism? Give examples. What solutions does Malik propose to overcome the failure of multiculturalism?

The diversity myth discussed by Malik is the theory that Europe today is more diverse than it ever has been. Assimilation is different from multiculturalism because it requires abandoning traditions and completely conforming to society, whereas multiculturalism includes a society with a variety of different groups. For example, when immigrants come over to another country and they still speak in their native language and uphold their traditions, that is a reflection of multiculturalism. Whereas, assimilation would include learning the native language and abandoning traditions. Malik proposes to establish a new set of laws and legislation as the solution to overcoming the failure of multiculturalism. He thinks there needs to be laws that promote inclusivity and respect for the beliefs of others that allow people to agree to disagree while being able to coexist.

What is the gist of Sajan’s article? Do you agree or have other examples that back up his argument?

Sajan’s article, Decoding Europe’s Homegrown Terrorism, is mainly about how Muslim youths are marginalized in an unfair socioeconomic society which is the cause for terrorism that is taking place in Europe. I do not know if this is the primary cause of terrorism in Europe or why people decide to commit acts of violence. I definitely think it contributes to terrorism because this is a form of rebellion and fighting back against a larger group of people. I think if Muslim youths grow up in a society where they have constantly faced discrimination and have never felt accepted in their own country or home, they will grow resentment towards people in society. I agree with Sajan that there needs to be more political attention devoted to ethnic groups in society. I think by creating an inclusive environment, starting through laws, Europe could prevent youths to become terrorists.

Concluding remarks and thoughts – what stands out? What is your take on the remarks?

I think the problems regarding terrorism in Europe stem from when these adults were kids. I definitely think that inclusivity is not present to a large extent amongst Muslims in Europe. This is an individual problem of Westerners stereotyping Muslims that has lead to a societal problem. There have been negative effects cast onto Muslims from society and that is why I think it is time for politics in Europe to get involved and discuss the issues at hand. I think if politics do not get involved in trying to make a more inclusive environment for Muslims, terrorism will continue to get out of control.

 

Post 11: Overcoming Stereotypes

By: Abbey Rourke

Based on the article, Islam and the West: Narratives of Conflict and Conflict Transformation, discuss the story of intercultural confrontation and intercultural compatibility and how they affect conflict transformation.

Islam and the West: Narratives of Conflict and Conflict Transformation, discusses the story of intercultural confrontation and intercultural compatibility and how they affect conflict transformation. This article discussed the view Muslims and Westerners have of each other. The story of intercultural confrontation is about Muslims and Westerners who have defined themselves in opposition to each other. They have narrow options of conquest/resistance and conversion/assimilation. By looking at history, politics, human psychology, and intercultural relations we can better understand the confrontation held between Muslims and Westerners. In the eyes of Westerners, they see Muslims as extremists and believe extremists are the most widely practiced form of Islam. When in reality, Muslims beliefs and morals are the opposite of how they have been stereotyped. On the other hand, Muslims view Westerners as Hollywood people that have low standards for morals.

The story of intercultural compatibility focuses attention on ways of coping with areas of conflict more effectively. Advocates of this story look to “place a check on forms of cultural hubris and fanaticism that exaggerate differences, instill fear, and inflame conflict.” The second story explains how “Islam and the West are dangerously out of touch with each other, and misperceptions and mistrust have led to an ever-deepening estrangement. Each civilization has transformed symbols of the “other” into receptacles for their own fears.” The article talked about replacing moral “self” images and immoral images of others with images that resemble reality more accurately. When there is a conflict between groups of people and they respond with their limbic system, triggered unfiltered, emotion, they have a “narrow contradiction to define an entire relationship.” This article suggests that the best way to avoid this scenario from happening is to communicate cooperatively and constructively with the purpose of dealing with each problem on the basis of common standards.

The article ends by suggesting a new story of intercultural complementarity. They say it is important to reconsider the perceptions we have of ourselves and others because our perception, more often times than not, tends to be our reality. Intercultural complementarity can help resolve conflict and differences and advance the peaceful coexistence between others. The only thing that is necessary when developing a relationship with the “other” is to recognize that without cultural empathy and a desire to know the ideal reality of the “other”, it would be impossible to build a relationship. A space filled with understanding, cooperation, and mutual respect can be achieved when we look out of a larger frame of cultural and humane values.

What are the hard decisions about immigration according to Frum that need to be taken in the US. Do you agree? Is there a right level of immigration?

Frum says there are some hard decisions that need to be made regarding immigration in the U.S. The question is not as simple as to whether we should allow immigration or not. The question Frum says the United States needs to answer is how much immigration it should allow and what kind. Frum says not enough immigration can separate a country from the modern world. He also says too much immigration or the wrong kind of immigration can “overstress your social insurance system” or potentially “upbend your democracy.” I agree that there is a right level of immigration to take in and Frum backs up his arguments with facts. Too much immigration can put systems in shock like schools and hospitals that are not prepared to handle more people than they already do. Other negative side effects from too much immigration could result in environmental problems due to more traffic and more emissions released. Immigration policies also need more attention and thought because almost 70 percent of immigrants who live legally in the United States can do so because they were close relatives of previously admitted immigrants. It is projected that the U.S. population will approximately exceed 400 million people under the current immigration policies. Questions and policies regarding immigration need to be addressed now in order to truly benefit current and future Americans.

Post 10: Sharia Law

By: Abbey Rourke

Describe the historic foundation of the current fundamentalist “jihadi” movement.

The “jihadi” movement is a military movement that is rooted in Islam. The “jihadi” movement dates all the way back to when Muhammad was alive in 600 AD. In 1979, there was an overthrow of the longstanding two thousand Persian monarchy. After that, Ayatoollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the leader of the Islamic Revolution. Contemporary fundamentalists view jihadism “as a struggle for the expansion of Islam and the realization of Islamic ideals.” The media began portraying the current “jihad” movement as terrorists after they performed violent attacks, such as the 9/11 terror attacks.

What is sharia law? What are the main concerns of puritan fundamentalists when it comes to Islamic law?

Sharia law is a religious law that forms part of the Islamic tradition and guides all aspects of Muslim life such as, marriage, divorce, finance, and prayer. Sharia law is a tradition that dates all the way back to the death of Muhammad that is followed by people of Islamic faith. Sharia law is used as a guide to finding answers to the questions people have that they would have asked to the Prophet Muhammed if he was still living. Sharia law is mainly derived from the Quran and Sunna. The main concerns puritan fundamentalists have when it comes to Islamic law has to do with the penalty and corruption section of the sharia. They have a concern with the hudad laws that are the boundary and outer limit of the laws. Public laws that tell Muslims how to live also concerns fundamentalists because these laws conflict with how the world is today compared to how the world was back then when the laws were created.

Do you think Islamic law has always been consumed with “punishment?” What changed?

I do not think Islamic law has always been consumed with punishment. Throughout multiple course readings, I have noticed that many Muslims pride themselves in having good character and good morals. I think Islamic law has a negative view from around the world because of a few Muslim extremists. I think some extremists have referenced parts of the Quran and have taken texts out of context while committing acts of harm. I think the media has portrayed Islamic law in a light that is filled with evil and punishment because of a few radical extremists, which has lead society to stereotype a lot of Muslims in a negative light.

What is the musawah organization about? What does musawah mean? What are some of their key messages? What is your assessment of this association?

The musawah organization is a global movement that began in 2009 that seeks equality and justice in the Muslim family. The musawah organization works to integrate these values into laws and our daily lives. The word musawah means equality in the Arabic language. The musawah organization works to bring Muslims together to share strategies, build scholarship, and promotes the advancement of women’s rights in the Muslim community. The Musawah organization promotes the universal and Islamic values of equality, non-discrimination, justice, and dignity are the basis of all human relations. The Musawah framework for action identifies “full and equal citizenship, including full participation in all aspects of society, is the right of every individual.” along with equality between men and women in the family.” “Musawah declares that equality in the family is necessary because many aspects of our current Muslim family laws and practices are unjust and do not respond to the lives and experiences of Muslim families and individuals.” I think this organization has a strong set of values and a clear vision of what they want to accomplish and how they are going to do it, which is detailed in their approach section on their website. They have a lot of good information on their website that makes it easy to understand what the problem is and what they are advocating.

Post Nine: Muslim’s Escape

By: Abbey Rourke

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How do Zemni and Parker (ch.13) explain the “failure of integration” of Muslims in Europe? Why is the way Europeans think about integration and multiculturalism problematic in the discourse surrounding Islam and Muslims in Europe? Explain and give examples.

In chapter 13, Zemni and Parker explain how the failure of integration of Muslims in Europe came about. The failure of integration of Muslims in Europe stems from the way Islam has been looked at from Europeans. Europe is more exclusive than inclusive because its integration system is tailored to serve people with “specific interests.” Europe does not do a very good job of being inclusive to immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants. For many years, Muslims have been viewed by  Europeans as “problematic in European political and social life.” When talking about Muslims, Europeans tend to put more of a focus and emphasis on the negative news revolving Muslims than highlighting the good news that is happening regarding their nationality and faith. The way Europeans think about integration and multiculturalism in the discourse surrounding Islam and Muslims in Europe is problematic. When all people do is point out the negative when referring to the Muslims community, then that is all people will start to see. Muslims are already underemployed and paid less compared to the rest of the population in a society that has created a cultural separation that has self-imposed segregation of Muslims. This is problematic because people will not hear the good and begin to stereotype Muslims as “bad.” In Islam, Europe’s Second Religion, Zemni, and Parker talk a lot about how Muslims are treated unfairly and stereotyped by Europeans. This is problematic because Muslims will continue to be pushed away by people and not feel accepted. Muslims already feel like outsiders in society and in a country that is their home, but if people continue to create a negative stereotype of Muslims, they will continue to make Muslims feel like they do not belong.

What is your assessment of the Foreign Policy The Dispossessed article and the film My Escape? Does the comic do justice to the refugee situation? Is it a good analysis of the crisis? Does Islam play a role? Even if you only watched a part of the film My Escape what is your assessment of the film? What caught your attention?

I thought the Foreign Policy article The Dispossessed, did justice in regards to the refugee situation through it’s comic. It gives readers a detailed picture of what refugees go through before and during their journey when they flee their country. The comic does a good job of illustrating many of the struggles and hardships refugees face along the way. The comic tells a story and humanizes characters so readers can connect to what they are going through. I think Islam plays a role through religion in the comic because the characters reference God on their journey to give them strength. I thought the film My Escape, did a good job of portraying immigrant’s journey when fleeing to another country. I thought this film was successful in portraying the reality of citizens fleeing from their country because the film used the footage people captured through their mobile phones to document their experiences. I thought it was crazy that in 2015, over 1 million people fled Damascus because of how dangerous it was. When people were leaving their country, they recorded planes dropping bombs as people were frantically running through the streets trying to find safety, which shows how dangerous it was. I think people sometimes forget how hard it is for immigrants to leave their country and why they do. Most people would prefer not to leave their country but they feel like they have to for their own safety and to build a better life. Fleeing your own country is hard mentally and physically and this document showed that. One immigrant said, “Before you get to the border, you hesitate and tell yourself do not do it and to go back.” Many immigrants had fears of being killed or kidnapped but they said they had to flee their country because their life became a “living hell.” Overall, My Escape made me think about how difficult an immigrant’s journey is from fleeing their country and how they will still face major adversity in a new country for being different than other natives.

 

Post Eight: Muslims face hardships in France

By: Abbey Rourke

Explain the historical background of the Muslim presence in France. Why does the Islamic community lag behind both economically and socially in France? Discuss.

The majority of Muslims in France are of immigrant origin and Islam is the second most practiced religion in France. France makes up the largest population of Muslims in the Western world but the Islamic community lags behind both economically and socially. The Muslims were defeated by the French in the 1950s during the Algerian War where they fought for their freedom. Muslims feel excluded from society because of their darker skin and Arabic names. They feel like society does not accept them, for example, France passed laws directed towards their religion that prohibit wearing anyone from wearing headscarves and any form of face coverings. Economically, many Muslims face discrimination in the workplace which results in fewer Muslims receiving promotions and even getting hired. Some French “express concerns about rising Islamic identity and extremism.”

How does the presence of Islam in France cause a challenge to the secular order? Is France’s secularism, or Laïcité, unique? Explain!

In France, Muslims account for 9 percent of the population. The presence of Islam in France causes a challenge to the secular order because Muslims want to practice and abide by their beliefs in ways that include wearing a headscarf because it is a reminder for them to follow Allah and stay true to who they are. Muslims and France clash because France wants to remain radically neutral in every aspect regarding religion and the Muslim culture embraces public declarations of their religion. According to the Guardian, three girls were expelled from school because they did not remove their headscarf. These girls went to trial and won. Then, France banned headscarves from schools in 2004. Many Muslims have to remove their headscarves before entering schools which is cutting people off from their religion which I do not think is good. I think Muslims will grow resentment towards the country they live in and will be scared to express their beliefs. I think France’s secularism is unique. I think they interfere too much. For example, America is a secular country but they allow their citizens to practice and express their religious beliefs, whereas France is more strict and controlling. France’s secularism has a direct impact on the lives of Muslims. I think France should remain legally neutral on matters about religion, but allow their citizens the freedom they deserve.

Based on your readings and research, why is the headscarf seen by some (many?) as a threat to Western culture?

Before I begin to address why the headscarf is viewed by so many people as a threat to Western culture, it is important to understand the meaning of the headscarf and why so many Muslims wear them. Many people associate the headscarf with religion and that is correct. Muslims believe that by wearing a headscarf they are showing their submission to God. A headscarf is a constant reminder for Muslims “to hold fast to their Islamic beliefs that include being honest and generous to those in need.” The headscarf is supposed to affirm their identity and culture. By wearing a headscarf it also shows respect for their bodies and deterred them from attracting other men in the older days. I think a Muslim wearing a headscarf is equivalent to a Catholic wearing a cross. Both show their religious beliefs. There have been terrorists who are Catholic but the reason why a headscarf is a threat to the Western culture and a cross is not as much draws largely from the 911 terrorist attacks that took place in New York City. This was a socially and politically pivotal moment. Islamic terrorist attacks have also been followed since then in places such as Paris. As a result of many of these terrorist attacks by Muslims wearing headscarves, many people are associating terrorist attacks with Islam.

 

Post Seven: Myths about Muslims

By: Abbey Rourke

What are some of the myths about Muslims in Europe that Justin Vaisse discusses?

Justin Vaisse discusses a few myths surrounding Muslims in Europe in his article, Muslims in Europe: A Short Introduction. The first myth is that being Muslim constitutes a fixed identity, sufficient to fully characterize a person. Vaisse explains that people “wrongly assume that religion rather than nationality necessarily trumps other identities.”

The second myth is that Muslims in Europe are, in one way or the other, inherently foreign, the equivalent of visiting Middle-Easterners who are alien to the “native” culture. This is a myth because European culture has always had Muslims. There has been evidence of Muslims in Europe dating all the way back to the 8th century.

The third myth is that Muslims in Europe form a “distinct, cohesive and bitter group” according to a 2005 Foreign Affairs article. This myth is false because there is no unity found between Muslims on the European level. There is also no unity found on the national level. There are divisions between culture and brand of Islam, religion, and affiliation, social status, political views and ethnicity

The last myth that Vaisse addresses are that Muslims are demographically gaining on the “native” population. This myth can be proved false by the significant rates of intermarriage and conversions. Their birthrates conform to the national average and immigration into the EU is becoming more controlled.

Why is it important to make a distinction between the religious and political dimensions of Islam?

Shireen Hunter is the author of  Islam, Europe’s Second Religion where she explains why it is important to make a distinction between the religious and political dimensions in Islam. She explains that it is important to make a distinction between the two groups because they are different from each other. Religion is different because Muslims adhere to the Quran, which contains sacred text they feel they must follow. The political dimensions of Islam are different from religion in Islam because they follow the general rules of politics but it does not affect how Muslims choose to live their daily lives. Muslims do not have to do exactly what the social and political standards are. They basically do whatever is not forbidden. It is important to make a distinction between religious and political dimensions of Islam because people will start to group all Muslims together, which leads to stereotyping many Muslims as radical Islamists.

What kind of challenges do education and social rifts in Europe bring to Muslim communities of Europe? What does Ramadan suggest Muslims should do in face of such challenges? Ch 11

Education brings challenges to Muslim communities in Europe by not going beyond the traditional education being taught, such as math and science. Schools need to incorporate ways to teach students about life. Students need to learn about life to better understand who they are and what they value, as well as learning to understand and respect the identities of others. If students are not aware of other people’s culture and beliefs, for example, Muslims, it could lead to becoming racist in the future. That is why the curriculum should go beyond what is being taught in schools today. A social rift that brings challenges to Muslims in Europe is xenophobia. This is where people who are not Muslim do not accept Muslims into their culture. This is a problem for Muslims because they start to feel like outcasts in their own country. It is important for everyone to be educated about other people’s religion and politics so they have an understanding of what they both entail before stereotyping or making false judgments. Ramadan suggests that when Muslims are confronted with a challenge they should not engage in conflict. Ramadan says they should remain true to the beliefs of their faith and their core values. He believes that Muslims should practice their religion in a place where they can do so peacefully.

Post Six: Jeffrey Sachs Vs. William Easterly on Aid

By: Abbey Rourke

Chapter 10 talks about the debate on the pros and cons of development aid with leading economists Jeffrey Sachs (Columbia University) and William Easterly (NYU) pitted against each other. Each side has valid points. After reading for a few weeks about the issue of ending poverty, what is your take on this debate? Which side do you take and why? Or are there other arguments that could be made and thus another side that could be taken?

Jeffrey Sachs and William Easterly both make valid arguments about ending poverty, but they both argue opposite ways of achieving this goal. Sachs is in support providing financial aid to poor countries, whereas Easterly argues against it. Sachs argues that financial aid helps poor countries in three areas. Sachs said financial aid helps them jump-start the process of capital accumulation, economic growth, and rising household incomes. Sachs argues that financial aid is “not a welfare handout, but is an investment that breaks the poverty trap once and for all.” Poor countries are in a poverty trap where corruption causes poverty and poverty in return causes corruption. Sach’s solution to this problem is handing out financial aid for specific problems, such as malaria control that can be easily tracked and monitored. Esterly believes people living in poverty are the best ones to get themselves out of poverty. He thinks they do not need financial aid to do so.

Contrary to Sachs, Esterly says there is no such thing as a poverty trap. Poor people can escape from poverty by making a change on their own. After learning the two sides Sachs and Easterly argue, I agree with Sach’s approach where he is in favor of handing out financial aid. I think poor countries need a financial boost to get their problems fixed and their economy growing. There’s the saying, “It takes money to make money.” I believe this. Easterly argues people in poverty can make a change themselves, but I believe that many impoverished people would do what it took to live a better lifestyle if they knew how. Many people were born into impoverished families and the cycle just continues. It is not like Sachs wants to hand out money with no thought of how it gets spent. I think his approach to financial aid is strategic and efficient. His plan is strategic by giving money to specific causes and is efficient to see if it’s working by monitoring that causes progress to see if there is any progress at all. Geoffrey Gertz makes an argument that “identifying new strategies to move from successful individual projects to transformative countrywide progress in severely off-track countries” is the most important question to answer when trying to figure out how to solve poverty. I think it is important to listen to many different sides when trying to solve an issue because it might take multiple ideas, instead of one to solve a complex issue.

Reflect on the last weeks’ readings on the SDG goals #1 end poverty in all forms everywhere and goal #2 end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Do Banerjee and Duflo address these issues sufficiently? What are policy measures that seem to work? What needs are addressed and are the global measures taken sufficient?

In Poor Economics, Banerjee and Duflo sufficiently address the first two sustainable development goals that include ending poverty and ending hunger everywhere. The authors addressed potential factors that could cause a country to become impoverished. They listed a few examples such as, what kind of leader is running a country and if a country has natural resources to utilize or not. Banerjee and Duflo believe that people who are living in poverty need to be healthy, educated, have food, and be able to have jobs in order to successfully escape poverty. Banerjee and Duflo say micro finances and micro-credits are policy measures that have been shown to be somewhat successful. Micro-credits and micro finances have given people living in poverty a chance to pursue their own businesses, especially women. Micro-credits and micro finances have also allowed farmers to invest in better agricultural practices that promote sustainable growth, which also contributes to ending hunger. Banks have also been successful in the way that they have allowed the poor to effectively save their money without the fear of it being lost or stolen away. There still needs to be better healthcare and insurance plans in place so when the poor get sick they are able to seek treatments without going into debt. It is also important for the poor to be treated by hospitals if needed, so they can feel better faster and continue to work. Banerjee and Duflo think having goals that are measurable and trackable is key to accomplishing sustainable development goals.

Post Five: Could Micro-credits Put an End to Poverty?

By: Abbey Rourke

What is the basic argument for and against micro-credits that Banerjee and Duflo make? Do you agree with them?

Micro-credits are very small loans that are given to poor people to help them out. Micro-credits can be used to start a business for consumption. Banerjee and Duflo address the positive and negative aspects of micro-credits. Micro-credits are good for poor business owners because they can help the poor survive. If micro-credits are used for investments, they will have a greater return over time. Micro-credits gives everyone the opportunity to invest money and improve their lives. On the other hand, micro-credits are not always good. Many of the businesses that are run by the poor do not generate a lot of profit and still have to repay their loan. Another downside to micro-credits is that many poor people will spend their money on basic necessities first, instead of investing it into entrepreneurial endeavors. I think it will be hard for micro-credits to be effective until the poor aren’t living day by day because then they won’t be as likely to be faced with temptations other than investing it. 

Are micro-credits working in your assigned country? Do you agree with its limits?

Micro-credits in Ghana have the potential to become successful at alleviating poverty if a strong effort is made at fixing some of the problems in their system. Some of the staff at micro-financing organizations know little about financing and investments. There is also government interference and a lack of regulation. A lack of regulation has led to unclear policies and operational guidelines. Micro-credits have been targeting women which have encouraged women empowerment by giving them the opportunity to become entrepreneurs. Micro-credits have also been shown to improve household economic welfare, meet basic needs and protect against HIV and AIDS. Overall, Ghana has experienced a fast-growing economy and an “emerging microfinance industry.” Ghana has one of the “lowest levels of financial intermediation.”

What is happening in your country with micro-credits or any other way to handle money, savings, trade?

The Micro Credit Association of Ghana (MCAG) was founded in 2010. Key microfinance institutions in Ghana include The Rural and Community Banks, Savings and Loans Companies, Primary Societies of CUA, and Financial NGOs. Micro crediting in Ghana is typically for trade, housing, and “startup” loans for farmers to buy seed, fertilizers, and tools. The microfinance industry in Ghana reaches more people than many other countries in Sub-Sahara Africa.

Reflect critically: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/02/13/the-road-to-ending-poverty-runs-through-31-severely-off-track-countries/

The first Sustainable Development Goal is to end poverty by 2030, but there are multiple countries that are severely off track to for accomplishing this first goal. Each country faces its’ own unique set of problems. I think to accomplish the first SDG each country needs to have an individually tailored plan to fix their specific set of problems. I think other successful countries should adopt a SOTC and show them the way. I think these committees should comprise of businessmen, economists, and professors since many countries struggle with turning successful individual projects into successful countrywide projects. I agree that a majority of the aid received should go directly to countries struggling the most because that is where poverty is the most prevalent.

Is digital technology making a difference? [you need to do research to answer this question; first, you need to explain what digital technology entails and then look at the ramifications]

Digital technology includes devices such as computers, calculators, traffic lights, cars, phones, TVs and communication satellites. Digital technology decreases labor and costs by allowing more access to information in a timely manner that allows for better-informed decisions. Digital technology is making a difference in ending poverty because it gives the poor access to things they didn’t have access to before. According to the Economist, two-fifths of people in sub-Saharan Africa had mobile phones. Mobile banking allows the poor to invest their money and save without fear of it being stolen. Solar powered water pumps have produced more than 30,000 liters of clean water every day. Ghana started a new distance learning program where teachers can FaceTime children in rural areas who didn’t have access to education before. Technology has improved other areas of life for the poor, such as farming techniques, health care by sending out alerts, transportation, and better waste management practices.

Read this article from 2017 and watch the video – do you agree?

I agree countries are stealing some of the wealth from Africa because reports revealed $29 billion is being stolen from Africa in illegal wildlife trade. Along with that, Ghana loses 30 percent of its government revenue to pay off loans that were made too high. If other countries didn’t take advantage of Africa while they were “down”, they would potentially be more prosperous.

 

Post Four: Ghana is Working Towards a Better Tomorrow

By: Abbey Rourke

 

Find a ‘cheetah’ in your assigned country (person or organization) and show his/her/its work that helps the country move towards protection of human rights, free speech, systems of accountability, reducing poverty, etc.

The Hunger Project is an organization in Ghana that I consider to be a “cheetah.” Their mission is to end poverty by pioneering sustainable, grassroots, women-centered strategies and advocating for their widespread adoption in countries throughout the world. They have been working in Ghana since 1995. They identified ten fundamental principles they build upon while trying to end hunger which includes human dignity, gender equality, empowerment, interconnectedness, sustainability, social transformation, decentralization, and transformative leadership. The Hunger Project has built 45 epicenter communities in Ghana. Epicenters serve to bring people together giving villages “more clout with local government than a single village is likely to have while increasing a communities’ ability to use resources. Epicenters are designed to make villages reliant on themselves and not rely on the Hunger Project for financial assistance after 8 years. There are 45 epicenters in Ghana that have reached approximately 324,603 people. The Hunger Project has trained people to educate about HIV/AIDS, provide maternal care, and install disease prevention services. 300,000 people have been trained in food security and agriculture and 128,507 kilograms of food have been stored in epicenters. These epicenters are under consistent evaluation of operations to ensure their program will have a maximum impact on the villages in Ghana.

Chapter 3 of Radelet’s Emerging Africa talks extensively about democracy building as well as discusses how one defines democracy, what is elemental and how are democracies ranked and judged. How does your country rank? Explore the following sites and answer the questions.

According to Freedom House, Ghana is a free country with an aggregate score of 83, with 100 being the best. Forty percent are free, 24 percent are partly free and 36 percent are not free. On a scale of 1 being the freest and 7 being the least free, Ghana’s political rights ranked 1, civil liberties ranked 2, and freedom ranked 1.5.

What are the dangers that global democracies are facing?

According to the Washington Post, global democracies are declining around the world. Democracies in certain countries are facing dangers of dictatorship, tyranny, militaries becoming the guiding political force, and corruption. Global democracies need to hold onto their core values such as freedom of the press, open elections, equality, and accountability.

 Is YALI active in your country?

Young African Leaders Initiative is very active in Ghana with 40,000 participants. YALI’s mission is to support leaders as they “help strengthen democracy, and enhance peace and security across Sub-Saharan Africa.”

What is the current news in your country? 

A lot of the current news in Ghana revolves around their president and politics. One headline said, “Gunman Disrupts Ghana Parliamentary Polls.” Another current news story was discussing ways Ghana and all of Africa could end poverty. The president of Ghana said mining can make all of Africa prosperous. He said, “It was not right that Africa, which so rich in minerals, should remain inhabited by the poorest people on the globe. Another article was about how Ghana is expanding its agricultural economy and have produced six new seeds that they plan to export amongst the international market. This project has hopes of positively impacting food security in Africa. This project will look to increase the production of seeds being planted, which will hopefully contribute to eliminating hunger.

What are effective health investments?

In chapter 3, Banerjee and Duflo say there are people living in health traps that are just like poverty traps. The authors explain that a health trap is when people living in poverty are too poor to live a healthy lifestyle, so they are stuck in an unhealthy way of living. The authors identified multiple effective health investments for people living in poverty to make. The author states these investments are “low hanging fruits” because they are accessible and affordable for everyone. The authors recommend investing in mosquito nets for malaria, breastfeeding, and vaccines that fight against diseases. In some countries, there’s not a high demand for preventive care. This could be because people are stubborn and they do not like being told what to do. On the other hand, it is especially hard for people living in poverty to invest their money into preventive health care because the results are not immediate.

 

Post Three: The Battle Between the “Cheetahs” and the “Hippos”

by: Abbey Rourke

Explain the meaning of a “Cheetah” and a “Big Man” also called the cheetah generation and the hippo generation? (Ch. 7 and 3 from last week’s reading) Explain how these terms refer to a different way of looking at democracy and civil society?

The Cheetah generation is described as “a new generation of young Africans who look at African issues and problems from a totally unique perspective.” A “Cheetah” wants democracy and society to be focused on transparency, good governance, accountability, respect for basic human rights, and private sector economic opportunities.  Radelet says the Cheetah generation stands for market power, ideas, entrepreneurship, technology, good governance, and accountability. They do not want Africa to be seen as a country that is tied to Western mandates or nationalist pedagogy. They are trying to redefine Africa through important values by installing a democratic society and building connections with all people. These new leaders in the “Cheetah generation” want to improve the perception of Africa and be considered a country that is safe, productive, and are responsible members of the international community. The hippo generation is described as old and slow to change. They are “stuck in the past complaining about colonialism and imperialism.” They believe in the old colonist paradigm and the slave trade. Most men in leadership roles gained their positions from independence movements and are considered hippos. Many weakened the government’s transparency and sense of accountability. Many people argue that these leadership problems were the main source of Africa’s conflict. It seems like there are many people in leadership roles with good ideas who want to make a change in Africa, but the obstacle they face is the older leaders who are stuck in their old ways.

Is Radelet’s positive view in Chapter 6 on the African ICT explosion valid and sustainable? What are the challenges?

I think Radelet’s positive view of the African ICT is valid because communities that did not have telecommunications infrastructure are now becoming the fastest growing markets for technology. Internet and phones have improved everything from Africa’s healthcare system to their agriculture. I don’t think the ICT explosion can be considered sustainable yet because only 5 percent of the people living in Africa have received access. Africa faces challenges of electricity being unreliable and expensive. I think more people need to have access to technology and for it to last to be considered sustainable. 

Reflect on Banerjee/Duflo’s Chapter 1:  Is it possible to get trapped in poverty? What are poverty traps? Which ones are present in your assigned country?

I think it is definitely possible to get trapped in poverty. If the economy demands so much money to make it out of poverty and if people can’t come up with that money, then they are just stuck in this cycle. In reference to poverty traps, Banerjee/Duflo’s say “until something is done about these problems, neither free markets nor democracy will do very much for them.” A poverty trap is when it is essentially very hard to get out of poverty. I think Ghana is in a spatial poverty trap in their rural areas. These areas are the poorest of the poor and need to find a way to generate income through their agriculture.

Use the World Bank data website and report on the progress of  the SDG #1 in your assigned country and region.

Ghana is the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to reduce poverty by half, which is the first sustainable development goal. The gross national income per capita in Ghana during 2017 was $1,880. Ghana is making progress because ten years ago the gross national income per capita was $800. Ghana is making progress in other areas as well. Ghana has experienced economic progress over the last ten years. Their GDP rose from $24 billion in 2007 to $59 billion in 2017. Ghana still needs to have better access to nutrition, which will in return increase the well-being of people. Life expectancy has continued to rise in Ghana, but Malaria and malnutrition are still a major issue.

Is Human capital an issue in your country?

Human capital is defined as the  “measure of the skills, education, capacity, and attributes of labor which influence their productive capacity and earning potential.” Human capital is a major issue in Ghana. A report ranked Ghana 116 out of 157 for the Human Capital Index. Fifty-six percent of Ghana’s human capital will go to waste over the next 18 years, so they need to invest in quality education that will in return help lead to national development.

 

Post Two: There’s Good News in Africa

by: Abbey Rourke

1. What are the factors that classify as good news in Africa according to Radelet?

According to Radelet, there are several factors that classify as good news in Africa. He mentions 17 African countries are leaving behind the old ways of dictatorship and are moving towards a democratic society. Radelet says these countries have achieved economic growth, deepening democracy, stronger leadership and a decline in poverty. The good news in Africa is the end of the debt crisis, changing relationships with the international community, the spread of new technologies, and the emergence of a new generation of leaders. Democracy has strengthened due to “The rise of more democratic and accountable governments and the introduction of more sensible economic policies. Radelet said budget and trade deficits are more sustainable now. Now there’s a better balance between state and private sectors, along with the reduction of trade and investment barriers.

Countries have converted to transparent governments,  along with having a more efficient system of checks and balances. This good news comes from a new generation of leaders in politics and economics with globalized outlooks. Radelet does mention that democracy is still incomplete in these countries, but the progress they are making is essential to change.

Radelet also classifies new technology as good news for these countries. Cell phones have allowed health care workers to send out early warnings of outbreaks of diseases. There has been a decrease in the child mortality rate. Technology has created jobs that in return have increased the economic productivity that leads to the development of these poor countries.

2. Explore the Millennium Villages HERE Find retrospectives and critical views. And address the most urgent task eradicating poverty which according to Jeffrey Sachs is the greatest global challenge. Choose two villages and explore them.

The two villages I chose to explore were Tiby, Mali and Mbola, Tanzania. Tiby was chosen by the Millennium Village Project because they are one of the poorest countries in Mali. They receive a total of 250 to 500 millimeters of rain per year, with a dry season lasting up to 11 months. Due to the lack of rainfall Tiby receives, people don’t have reliable access to an abundant supply of food. In addition to these factors, Tiby has very little natural resources and has a high child mortality rate. Another major problem Tiby faces is the breakdown of farming systems that led to environmental degradation and decreased agricultural productivity. The goal for this village was to create a sustainable farming and water system, increase access to education, and provide better healthcare.

Tiby has had many successes. Millet yields doubled due to new fertilizer technology and irrigation systems were introduced to over a thousand farmers. Thirteen gardens were built that supports over 2000 women. Other successes include electricity in remote areas, the establishment of health clinics, and 100 classrooms were built with no school fees.
Critics say Malil struggles with high unemployment and needs to increase secondary education for citizens. Along with that, Mali has a demographic increase of 3 percent per year.

A decrease in the price of cotton, Tiby’s main export,  is a global issue that has negatively affected their economy. Tiby’s GDP was 2117 and their GNP was $15 billion. Their Human Development Index was .442. I think Tiby has made good strides at eradicating poverty, but they still need to continue to do more. Offering free education is great, but they need to increase the availability of secondary education for a better chance of equality. They also need to create more jobs so people can afford necessities. Since Tiby has very little resources, my question is why can’t they abandon where they live and start over in a new town with better opportunities?

Mbola was chosen by the Millennium Villages Project because they face a “high rate of environmental degradation from poor crop management practices, declining agricultural production and destruction of their woodlands.” The goal of their village was to incorporate agricultural practices and increase the safety of their environment and the well-being of their citizens. Mbola had many successes. They improved access to water supply, meals were served at school increasing school attendance, received electricity, and access to medications that treat HIV.

Critics say “seed and fertilizer inputs to increase yields” for farmers show there’s no huge impact, compared to without it  CLICK HERE. Therefore, critics argue it’s unnecessary for development. Loans given to farmers were also so high that many farmers couldn’t repay them.

The GDP per capita is $948.62 and the GNP is $84 billion in Tanzania CLICK HERE. The Human Development Index is .538. The president of Tanzania has made it his goal to improve public administration and end corruption. Inflation rates declined and industrial and agriculture sectors grew. Monetary policies have been accommodative, but credit growth is below 5 percent. I think this is a viable project towards ending poverty because if Mbola can fix their poor management practices and declining agricultural production they will solve a huge issue for their community, that’ll help the economy and their people grow.

Work Cited

The Guardian  CLICK HERE

Millennium Villages Project.  CLICK HERE

Tanzania GDP per capita.  CLICK HERE

World Bank Year in Review: 2018 in 14 Charts.  CLICK HERE

 

 

 

 

Post One: The Quest to Solve Poverty

 

 

Jacqueline Novogratz in her TED talks brings up the question on how to define poverty. What is her answer? What is her main message? Find at least one other TED talk on this subject and reflect on it.  Do you agree or disagree with the message?

Jacqueline Novogratz has been working on issues of poverty for over 20 years and the question she struggles with the most is how to define it. Novogratz said poverty is a condition about choice and the lack of freedom. She said poverty is complex and many people think of low income when they think of poverty, but income is just one aspect of poverty. In the Ted Talk “An escape from poverty” Novogratz talks about a trip she took to Kenya where she saw people living in shacks. She walked through Alleys that were impossible not to step in sewage that ran alongside homes. She also talked about the people she met and that they had aspirations and wanted more for themselves and were trying to make that happen. The last thirty seconds of Novogratz Ted Talk is where she alluded to her main message. She said when systems are broken, that is the time for invention and innovation. She said, “It’s an opportunity to truly build a world where we can extend services and products to all human beings, so they can make decisions and choices for themselves.” That is the type of system Novogratz wants for the world. I watched a Ted Talk called “Poverty, money- and love.” by Jessica Jackley. Jackley believes that the best way for people to change their lives is by having control and to do it in a way that’s best for them. Jackley thinks poverty can end by giving loans. She invented a platform called “Kiva” where people loan their money to people in poverty trying to start their own businesses. Her company has received up to $150 million worth in loans and people in poverty are growing their businesses and generating more money. I think Jackley’s idea is a great start to help end poverty. I don’t think it’s the final solution. I think this because not everyone in poverty has a business.

What is the vision, the goal of the SDGs? What is the effect of neo-liberalism (cutting government spending promoted by the World Bank and IMF)? 

The vision of the sustainable development goals is to have a “universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.” There are 17 SDG’s which include ending poverty, zero hunger and quality education along with many more goals. The effect of cutting government spending promoted by the World Bank and IMF has had a negative effect on SDG’s. This is because neo-liberalism has encouraged countries to compete against one another instead of support one another. One prominent example of this competition can be seen in the large wage gap between countries from around the globe.

John McArthur in Own the Goals talks about “Players on the Bench”. Who are they and what does he criticize?

McArthur refers to Washington as the “players on the bench.” He criticizes them for “refusing to engage with the MDGs in their early years.” McArthur said the United States missed the opportunity to contribute and foster international goodwill. As a result of not participating with the MDG, the United States also missed out on the opportunity to solve important international issues leaving other countries to make those decisions.

The article “How to Help Poor Countries” (2005) addresses the question of more aid money. Please elaborate. What are suggestions made by the authors? Do you agree?

This article talks about increasing international aid to underdeveloped countries. The idea is to have wealthier countries helping developing countries with resources and trade opportunities. The author states this is only a minute detail to helping poor countries because wealthy countries have “a limited ability to trigger growth.” The author suggests that agricultural tariffs are an obstruction to economic growth in poor countries. The author argues that eliminating agricultural subsidies “would significantly reduce poverty.” I agree that cutting subsidies would benefit poor countries because they are net importers of agricultural products. The author states examples of where aid has helped in countries with diseases. There was another example of a country that received aid and their average growth rate per capita declined. I agree with the author that this is an example of how aid only works when countries do the right thing with it.

 

Sustainable Development Goals. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html